360 Soziale Probleme und Sozialdienste; Verbände
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Englisch (138) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (124)
- Konferenz (124)
- Accident (76)
- Unfall (76)
- Injury (59)
- Verletzung (57)
- Germany (54)
- Deutschland (52)
- Statistics (40)
- Statistik (40)
- Tödlicher Unfall (35)
- Fatality (34)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (34)
- Severity (accid, injury) (33)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (31)
- Reconstruction (accid) (29)
- Datenbank (28)
- Datenerfassung (27)
- Analyse (math) (26)
- Analysis (math) (26)
- Data acquisition (26)
- On the spot accident investigation (25)
- Data bank (24)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (24)
- Cause (22)
- Safety (22)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (22)
- Severity (accid (22)
- Sicherheit (22)
- Ursache (22)
- Verletzung) (22)
- injury) (22)
- Fahrzeug (21)
- Fußgänger (20)
- Pedestrian (20)
- Vehicle (20)
- Car (17)
- Cyclist (17)
- Driver (17)
- Fahrer (17)
- Radfahrer (17)
- Europa (16)
- Europe (16)
- Motorcyclist (16)
- Motorradfahrer (16)
- Unfallverhütung (15)
- Accident prevention (14)
- Geschwindigkeit (14)
- PKW (14)
- Speed (13)
- Risiko (12)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (11)
- Head on collision (11)
- Sicherheitsgurt (11)
- Bewertung (10)
- Evaluation (assessment) (10)
- Passive safety system (10)
- Safety belt (10)
- Schutzhelm (10)
- Accident rate (9)
- Behaviour (9)
- Benutzung (9)
- Collision (9)
- Crash helmet (9)
- Motorcycle (9)
- Motorrad (9)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (9)
- Risk (9)
- Simulation (9)
- Use (9)
- Vehicle occupant (9)
- Verhalten (9)
- Drunkenness (8)
- Insasse (8)
- International (8)
- Interview (8)
- Trunkenheit (8)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (8)
- Zusammenstoß (8)
- Child (7)
- Fahranfänger (7)
- Kind (7)
- Prevention (7)
- Recently qualified driver (7)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (7)
- Active safety system (6)
- Age (6)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (6)
- Alter (6)
- Head (6)
- Kopf (6)
- Method (6)
- Rechenmodell (6)
- Risikobewertung (6)
- Road user (6)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (6)
- Side impact (6)
- Test (6)
- Verfahren (6)
- Alte Leute (5)
- China (5)
- Fahrzeugsitz (5)
- Human factor (5)
- Improvement (5)
- Japan (5)
- Mathematical model (5)
- Menschlicher Faktor (5)
- Old people (5)
- Overturning (veh) (5)
- Prognose (5)
- Rehabilitation (5)
- Risk assessment (5)
- Seat (veh) (5)
- Software (5)
- Verbesserung (5)
- Versuch (5)
- Wirbelsäule (5)
- Überschlagen (5)
- Adolescent (4)
- Air bag (restraint system) (4)
- Airbag (4)
- Brustkorb (4)
- Deformation (4)
- EU (4)
- Enforcement (law) (4)
- Erste Hilfe (4)
- First aid (4)
- Forecast (4)
- Fracture (bone) (4)
- Front (4)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (4)
- Gesetzgebung (4)
- Impact study (4)
- Jugendlicher (4)
- Knochenbruch (4)
- Leg (human) (4)
- Legislation (4)
- Politik (4)
- Portugal (4)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (4)
- Spinal column (4)
- Verformung (4)
- Verhütung (4)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (4)
- Analyse (Math) (3)
- Angle (3)
- Bein (menschl) (3)
- Biomechanics (3)
- Biomechanik (3)
- Database (3)
- Development (3)
- Driver training (3)
- Entwicklung (3)
- Fahrausbildung (3)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (3)
- Fahrzeugführung (3)
- Führerschein (3)
- Hospital (3)
- India (3)
- Indien (3)
- Krankenhaus (3)
- Lorry (3)
- Pkw (3)
- Policy (3)
- Thorax (3)
- USA (3)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (3)
- Vorn (3)
- Winkel (3)
- Ablenkung (2)
- Accident reconstruction (2)
- Anfahrversuch (2)
- Arzneimittel (2)
- Australia (2)
- Australien (2)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (2)
- Berechnung (2)
- Bicycle (2)
- Blickfeld (2)
- Body (car) (2)
- Braking (2)
- Bremsung (2)
- Calculation (2)
- Cervical vertebrae (2)
- Classification (2)
- Coach (2)
- Delivery vehicle (2)
- Deutschalnd (2)
- Driving (veh) (2)
- Driving aptitude (2)
- Driving licence (2)
- Education (2)
- Einstellung (psychol) (2)
- Error (2)
- Erziehung (2)
- Extrication (2)
- Fahrrad (2)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (2)
- Fehler (2)
- Field of vision (2)
- Führerscheinentzug (2)
- Geländefahrzeug (2)
- Gesetzesübertretung (2)
- Halswirbel (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Highway (2)
- Human body (2)
- Information (2)
- Information documentation (2)
- Junction (2)
- Karosserie (2)
- Kleidung (2)
- Knee (human) (2)
- Knie (menschl) (2)
- Knotenpunkt (2)
- Lieferfahrzeug (2)
- Man (2)
- Mann (2)
- Medication (2)
- Menschlicher Körper (2)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (2)
- Modification (2)
- Offence (2)
- Offender (2)
- Perception (2)
- Posture (2)
- Quality (2)
- Qualität (2)
- Rear end collision (2)
- Recidivist (2)
- Reisebus (2)
- Rückfalltäter (2)
- Skill (road user) (2)
- Sport utility vehicle (2)
- Steifigkeit (2)
- Stiffness (2)
- Technologie (2)
- Technology (2)
- Time (2)
- Trend (stat) (2)
- United kingdom (2)
- Untersuchung am unfallort (2)
- Veränderung (2)
- Wahrnehmung (2)
- Weather (2)
- Witterung (2)
- Zeit (2)
- Abbiegen (1)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accident proneness (1)
- Accident severity (1)
- Accompanied driving (1)
- Advanced vehicle control systems (1)
- Air pollution (1)
- Alcolock (1)
- Analyses (math) (1)
- Anthropometric dummy (1)
- Attention (1)
- Attitude (psychol) (1)
- Auffahrunfall (1)
- Auffharunfall (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Austria (1)
- Autotür (1)
- Average (1)
- Back (human) (1)
- Begleitetes Fahren (1)
- Bein [menschl] (1)
- Belastung (1)
- Belohnung (Anreiz) (1)
- Bemessung (1)
- Beschleunigung (1)
- Bestrafung (1)
- Blood alcohol content (1)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (1)
- Brake (1)
- Bremse (1)
- Bus (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Car door (1)
- Clothing (1)
- Colthing (1)
- Confiscation (driving licence) (1)
- Confiscation (driving license) (1)
- Correlation (math (1)
- Correlation (math, stat) (1)
- Cost (1)
- Cycle track (1)
- Cycling (1)
- Czech Republic (1)
- Damage (1)
- Data base (1)
- Data collection (1)
- Dauer (1)
- Day (24 hour period) (1)
- Decrease (1)
- Design (overall design) (1)
- Detection (1)
- Diagnostik (1)
- Digital computer (1)
- Digital image processing (1)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (1)
- Digitalrechner (1)
- Dispersion (stat) (1)
- Disstraction (1)
- Distraction (1)
- Distribution (gen) (1)
- Driver (veh) (1)
- Driver assistance system (1)
- Driving license (1)
- Droge (1)
- Drugs (1)
- Durchsichtigkeit (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- Dynamik (1)
- Eichung (1)
- Eigenschaft (1)
- Eindringung (1)
- Eingabedaten (1)
- Eins (1)
- Electric bicycle (1)
- Electronic stability program (1)
- Elektrofahrrad (1)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (1)
- Emission (1)
- Energie (1)
- Energy (1)
- Entdeckung (1)
- Entgleisung (Zug) (1)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (1)
- Estimation (1)
- Eu (1)
- Experience (human) (1)
- Face (human) (1)
- Facility (1)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (1)
- Fahrsimulator (1)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (1)
- Fatigue (human) (1)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (1)
- Financing (1)
- Finanzierung (1)
- Finite element method (1)
- Finland (1)
- Finnland (1)
- Foot (not a measure) (1)
- Forschungsarbeit (1)
- Forschungsbericht (1)
- France (1)
- Frankreich (1)
- Frau (1)
- Fuß (1)
- Führerschein Punktesystem (1)
- Geradeausverkehr (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (1)
- Gesicht (1)
- Government (national) (1)
- Grenzwert (1)
- Harmonisation (1)
- Hinten (1)
- Hip (human) (1)
- Hüfte (1)
- Immission (1)
- Impact sled (1)
- Impact test (1)
- Impact test (veh) (1)
- In situ (1)
- Injury) (1)
- Input data (1)
- Interactive model (1)
- Interaktives Modell (1)
- Interior (veh) (1)
- Italien (1)
- Italy (1)
- Jahr (1)
- Jahreszeit (1)
- Klassifikation (1)
- Klassifizierung (1)
- Kontrolle (1)
- Korrelation (math (1)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (1)
- Kosten (1)
- Körperhaltung (1)
- Körperstellung (1)
- LKW (1)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (1)
- Limit (1)
- Lkw (1)
- Load (1)
- Luftverunreinigung (1)
- Lärm (1)
- Main road (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Mathematical Model (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Medical aspects (1)
- Medical examination (1)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (1)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (1)
- Messung (1)
- Mittelwert (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Mobilität (1)
- Model (not math) (1)
- Modell (1)
- Motorisierungsgrad (1)
- Movement (1)
- Müdigkeit (1)
- Netherlands (1)
- Niederlande (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Nitrogen oxide (1)
- Noise (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norwegen (1)
- Nummer (1)
- On the scene accident investigation (1)
- One (1)
- Organisation (1)
- Organization (association) (1)
- Overlapping (1)
- Ozon (1)
- Ozone (1)
- Padding (safety) (1)
- Partnerschaft (1)
- Partnership (1)
- Penalty (1)
- Penetration (1)
- Pfosten (1)
- Point demerit system (1)
- Poland (1)
- Pole (1)
- Polen (1)
- Politics (1)
- Pollution concentration (1)
- Properties (1)
- Protective helmet (1)
- Pssives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Psychological aspects (1)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (1)
- Public transport (1)
- QAccident (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Qualitätssicherung (1)
- Radfahren (1)
- Radweg (1)
- Rail bound transport (1)
- Rail traffic (1)
- Reaction (chem.) (1)
- Reaction (human) (1)
- Reaktion (chem) (1)
- Reaktionsverhalten (1)
- Rear (1)
- Rechtsübertreter (1)
- Rechtübertreter (1)
- Regierung (staat) (1)
- Regression analysis (1)
- Regressionsanalyse (1)
- Rehabilitation (Road user) (1)
- Research project (1)
- Research report (1)
- Residential area (1)
- Reward (1)
- Risikoverhalten (1)
- Risk taking (1)
- Road traffic (1)
- Road transport (1)
- Rotation (1)
- Rsk (1)
- Run off the road (accid) (1)
- Rücken (1)
- Sachschaden (1)
- Saftey (1)
- Sample (stat) (1)
- Schienentransport (1)
- Schienenverkehr (1)
- Schweiz (1)
- Schweregrad (UNfall (1)
- Season (1)
- Seite (1)
- Severity (accid, injuy) (1)
- Sicherheitspolsterung (1)
- Side (1)
- Significance (1)
- Signifikanz (1)
- Simulator (driving) (1)
- Sociology (1)
- Soziologie (1)
- Spain (1)
- Spanien (1)
- Speed limit (1)
- Speed) (1)
- Spinal calum (1)
- Standardabweichung (1)
- Standardisierung (1)
- Statistik (math) (1)
- Stichprobe (1)
- Stickoxid (1)
- Straight ahead (traffic) (1)
- Strasse (1)
- Straße (1)
- Straßentransport (1)
- Straßenverkehr (1)
- Surveillance (1)
- Switzerland (1)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (1)
- Telefon (1)
- Telephone (1)
- Thailand (1)
- Theorie (1)
- Theory (1)
- Traffic (1)
- Transparent (1)
- Transport operator (1)
- Transportunternehmen (1)
- Traveler (1)
- Tschechische Republik (1)
- Turn (1)
- Unfallneigung (1)
- Unfallrate (1)
- Unfallverhuetung (1)
- United Kingdom (1)
- Variance analysis (1)
- Varianzanalyse (1)
- Vehicle ownership (1)
- Vehicle safety (1)
- Veletzung) (1)
- Verkehr (1)
- Vermeidung (1)
- Verminderung (1)
- Verschiebung (1)
- Versuchspuppe (1)
- Verteilung (allg) (1)
- Vorne (1)
- Wohngebiet (1)
- Woman (1)
- Year (1)
- Zahl (1)
- Zeitreihe (stat) (1)
- ZusammenstoÃüï-¿-½Ãƒ-¯Ã‚-¿Ã‚-½ (1)
- accident (1)
- analyses (math) (1)
- ar (1)
- efficiency (1)
- fatality (1)
- finite element method (1)
- head (1)
- stat) (1)
- tödlicher Unfall (1)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (1)
- Österreich (1)
- Überlappung (1)
Description of road traffic related knee injuries in published investigations is very heterogeneous. The purpose of this study was to estimate the risk of knee injuries in real world car impacts in Germany focusing vulnerable road users (pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists) and restrained car drivers. The accident research unit analyses technical and medical data collected shortly after the accident at scene. Two different periods (years 1985-1993 and 1995-2003) were compared focusing on knee injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale (AISKnee) 2/3). In order to determine the influences type of collision, direction and speed as well as the injury pattern and different injury scores (AIS, MAIS, ISS) were examined. 1.794 pedestrians, 742 motorcyclists, 2.728 bicyclists and 1.116 car drivers were extracted. 2% had serious ligamentous or bony injuries in relation to all injured. The risk of injury is higher for twowheelers than for pedestrians, but knee injury severity is higher for the latter group. Overall the current knee injury risk is low and significant reduced comparing both time periods (27%, p<0,0001). Severe injuries (AISKnee 2/3) were below 1%). Improved aerodynamic design of car fronts reduced the risk for severe knee injuries significantly (p=0,0015). Highest risk of injury is for motorcycle followed by pedestrians, respectively. Knee protectors could prevent injuries by reducing local forces. The classically described dashboard injury was rarely identified. The overall injury risk for knee injuries in road traffic is lower than estimated and reduced comparing both periods. The aerodynamic shape of current cars compared to older types reduced the incidence and severity of knee injuries. Further modification and optimization of the interior and exterior design could be a proper measurement. Classic described injury mechanisms were rarely identified. It seems that the AIS is still underestimating extremity injuries and their long term results.
Abstract: The number of accidents that can be attributed to driving under the influence of psychoactive substances (alcohol, drugs, and certain medicines) is constantly on a high level with drugs and medicines proportionally increasing over the years. The overall objective of the EU 6th Framework Programme project DRUID is to gain better knowledge of the various aspects of driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines. DRUID wants to offer scientific support to EU transport policy makers by suggesting guidelines and measures to combat impaired driving. To reach this ambitious aim a wide range of studies is conducted. The various studies are divided into seven work packages with complex interdependencies. There are experimental studies assessing the effects of single and combined psychoactive substances on driving performance (WP1) as well as epidemiological studies aiming to assess the situation in Europe regarding prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in drivers (WP2).The principal objective of these studies is to gain relative risk estimates for traffic accident involvement of drivers impaired by psychoactive substances and to recommend substance concentration thresholds. A theoretical framework which allows the integration of the experimental and epidemiological findings serves as a fundament for developing these recommendations. WP3 aims at improving the possibilities of detecting drug driving in Europe. Police forces evaluate practically (under realistic enforcement conditions) oral fluid screening devices. A scientific evaluation of oral fluid screening devices and other methods (i.e. roadside checklists of signs of impairment) is done as well. The outcome of the practical and scientific evaluations serves as input to cost-benefit analyses of enforcement.
The significant demographic changes are predicted for the European future. The age group over 65 years is permanently increasing and over next 30 years every fourth person will belong to this group. This development will continue so far that by 2050 in many countries will double the percentage of the population aged 65 and more. Many studies analyze the new phenomena of the ageing (graying) society during the last decade. Mobility is integrated part of the life of every citizen, even more it means for the elderly people. The adequate mobility is the precondition for their active life and for their social communication that contribute to their health and functional capacity and their autonomy and independency. The active seniors demand less public support. The mobility of the older citizens is closely linked with health and societal problems and creates an important public challenge. On the other side the participation of seniors in transport due to their limited physical and mental possibilities means for them an increased risk to be injured or killed. The main mobility spaces are roads that can be used not only as a traveler in a vehicle (driver or passenger) but also as a pedestrian or cyclist or even as a motorcyclist. The road traffic is then an opportunity and danger in the same time. The accident analyzes show specific risk features of seniors that are different compared with other age groups. First of all the older road users (65 and more) are facing to the higher risk (number of killed divided by the population size) to be killed in a road accident compared with the group of younger road users (0 - 64). More significant difference can be observed when comparing the road user groups. The fatality percentage of the older pedestrians is 2,5 times higher compared with the group 25 " 64. Similar frequency show the cyclist fatalities. On the other side the vehicle passengers in the younger group have more or less two time higher percentage compared to seniors and in the group of motorcyclists even achieved in 2008 almost five times higher compared with the older group. The share of the old road users fatalities (around 19%) didn"t practically change during the last 10 years in the European average. But comparing the gender involvement (2006) there is an interesting difference " female fatalities make 30, 2%, male fatalities 15, 3% of all fatalities in their groups. The risk of the senior users is more connected with their physical and mental limits than with their risk behavior. According to the Czech statistics (2007) the vehicle drivers over 65 years cause only 3, 6% of all accidents. The solution of the problem is to minimize the risk and to create a safe environment for the elderly people using the roads. In order to achieve this goal a deep knowledge of risk and of accident circumstances, full understanding of the behavior of the seniors and their limitations and accommodating approach of the whole society is necessary. Road risk of the ageing society has to be considered as a part of the health and social policy. These can build a creditable basis for the implementation of the measures that secure safe moving of seniors on the roads.
Over 3,814 young drivers died in European Countries in 2004. Based on the recent OECD study: "Young drivers: the road to safety" (OECD, 2006), this paper addresses the question of the factors contributing to this high risk, and it draws together the experiences of many countries in reducing this risk. The comparisons across countries show that young driver safety is related to the quality of the traffic system. Safe countries have also safe young drivers, demonstrating that raising general safety levels is beneficial for young novice drivers. The analysis of the developments over time reveals that young males in contrast to young females have not benefited enough from the latest safety measures, indicating the need for a better understanding of the nature of the young male driver accident proneness. Although, recent studies on brain development indicate that youngsters may not be sufficiently physiologically matured to handle complex and dangerous tasks such as car driving, crash patterns indicate that enhanced driving experience may have protective effects. The paper closes with a 9 point policy plan. The full OECD report (258 pages) can be downloaded for free from http://internationaltransportforum.org/Pub/pdf/06YoungDrivers.pdf.
In September 2004 the first international symposium called ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) was carried out at the University of Hannover (Germany). The idea for such international conference was to bring together experts from the fields of accident investigation teams worldwide to present their results for a common audience of people from government, industry and other universities. The first conference was a really sufficient one and followed by the second symposium also at the Hannover Medical School two years later in 2006. This two year rhythm was now continued with the third conference in Hannover again in 2008. It is planned to carry out ESAR every two years also in the future. ESAR is a scientific colloquium and can be seen as a platform for exchange of information on accident research issues based on methodologies of investigation, injury mechanisms and injury assessment, accident causation and other issues of statistical accident data analysis. Representatives from authorities as well as from medical and technical institutions come together to discuss new research issues and exchange experiences on accident prevention and the complex field of accident reconstruction. Special focus was given to the target the European Union set for itself in 2000 which stipulates that within 10 years the number of person killed in road traffic accidents must be cut in half. To reach this goal, optimized measures, comprehensive research and analysis are necessary. A key hurdle comes from the European Union extension to 27 member states, each featuring different levels of traffic safety standards and different accident scenarios. Existing results from long term research projects in Europe, the USA, Australia and Japan including analyses of infrastructure, population, vehicle fleet and driver behaviour offer an excellent basis for understanding and improving countermeasures and research support needs in underdeveloped countries. ESAR's goal is to bring together researchers from all parts of the world, who will report on their methods and recommendations to improve traffic safety based on "In-Depth-Investigations" of real world accidents. These In-depth-investigations of accidents require thorough documentation and an accident data analysis on multidisciplinary levels which must be carried out immediately after it occurs. ESAR presents scientists the opportunity to present their studies on a common basis of research level.
The second ESAR Conference took place at the Medical University Hannover. This year conference presents the current state of affairs of relevant research activities in the field of in-depth investigations. The first conference on ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) was established in 2004. It is planned to hold ESAR every two years. Hannover seems to be the right place for this conference concerning the fact that the first in-depth research team was found here in the year 1973 and comprehensive studies on accident analysis were spread out from here around the world continuously. This year conference topped all expectations in terms of the numbers of participants, in the variety of papers and the interdisciplinary of presenters from medical, psychological and engineering background. More than 100 delegates from all over the world, that means 13 different countries and from 4 different continents, came to Hannover, presented their results of accident investigation and discussed countermeasures for accident prevention and injury reduction. ESAR should be a platform for exchange of knowledge to find an optimized way for increase of traffic and vehicle safety by in-depth investigation and methodology. ESAR as international conference should be a platform for consideration of all nations round the world. This seems to be very important for the current situation, having high safety in the high industrial countries of Europe, US and Australia, but low safety and high injury risk in Asia and Africa.
In recent years considerable progress in active and passive safety of road vehicles has been made. The road traffic of today is much safer than in the past. A current vehicle has a lot more safety elements resulting in an improved inner and outer technique. In most European countries the number of fatalities is decreasing despite growing traffic and road usage. Nevertheless, the number of casualties in road traffic accidents is high enough, thus more progress is needed if the number of fatalities is to be reduced by 50%, as postulated by the European Commission for the year 2010. In order to develop countermeasures and further possibilities for injury prevention, it is increasingly important to have accident data available, supplying results quickly and giving the best overview across Europe. In-Depth-Data Sampling Procedures have a huge historical development, starting in the 60ies by the car manufactures, continued during the 70ies mostly by some universities mainly in England, Sweden, France and Germany, today a net of in-depth-investigation teams are working across Europe and around the world.One of the oldest teams is located at the Hannover Medical School, founded in 1973 by the German Government on behalf of the Federal Highway Research Institute Bast. It was the only team worldwide that was equipped with blue light emergency cars, working on scene in time so directly after the event and working continuously during the years, collecting 20 thousand accidents within 30 years period. Since 1999 the order is carried out in cooperation with the German car industry, which is interested and has benefit on the data too. On the basis of the new data collection, so called GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study), that has been run at the Technical University Dresden and the Medical University Hannover), a special tool for In-Depth-Accident Analysis was founded. It is the task of this conference to build a platform for such research based on In-Depth-Investigation. The conference is specially aimed at the area of accident data analysis in order to contribute to the harmonization of different investigation methods and accumulation of different results that does exist for different countries worldwide. Up to now no special conference did exist to deal with accident data only following in the discussion for an improvement in traffic and vehicle safety. ESAR - expert symposium on accident research - should be a step forward. This first international conference is being organized by the Accident Research Unit at the Medical University Hannover jointly with the German Federal Highway Research Institute Bast and the Research Association of German Car Manufacturers FAT. The conference should be a platform for an interdisciplinary exchange of information based on the different presentations from participants around the world.
Although many German monitoring sites report declines of NOx concentrations, NO2-concentrations actually stagnate or even increase quite often. Various analyses have identified the altered compositions of nitrogen oxides (NO2/NOx-ratio) emitted by motor vehicles (resulting in an increase of primary NO2-emissions) as well as the chemical environmental conditions (mainly ground level ozone) as the main causes. The chemical conversion of NO to NO2 is often parameterized in dispersion calculations of exhaust emissions. A widely applied conversion model is the so-called Romberg approach from 1996. However, the Romberg approach has to be re-evaluated to accommodate the above-mentioned conditions. This article presents an adjustment to the Romberg approach in accordance with the measured data from 2000 to 2006, taking into consideration substantially higher NO2/NOx-ratios especially for higher NOx-concentrations. Model calculations with OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model) including its internal chemistry module are able to reproduce very well the trends in the measured annual NO2-concentrations over a 10 year period. The relevant parameters for variations between the years are the NOx-emissions, primary NO2-emissions, ozone concentrations, wind conditions, and background concentrations. A simplified chemistry model based on annual mean NOx- and NO2-concentrations, and background ozone concentrations, as well as primary NO2-emissions is presented as a better method than the updated Romberg approach. This model simulates the annual mean NO2-concentrations much more accurately than the conventional and the updated Romberg approaches.