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From literature well-known analyzes on risks, hazards and causes of accidents of older drivers are amended by the present study in which a comparison of the specific features of accident causes of older car drivers (older than 60 years) and of younger car drivers (under 25 years) is conducted. Mainly the question is pursued if specific errors, mistakes and lapses are predominant in the two different age groups. The analysis system ACAS (Accident Causation Analysis System) used hereby consists of a sequential system of accident causation factors from the human, the technical and the infrastructural field, whereupon for this study the influence of the human features on the accident development in two different age groups is of interest. ACAS is both an accident model and an analysis and classification system, which describes the human participation factors of an accident and their causes in the temporal sequence (from the perceptibility to concrete action errors) taking into consideration the logical sequence of individual basic functions. In five steps (categories) of a logical and temporal sequence the hierarchical system makes human functions and processes as determinants of accident causes identifiable. The methodology specifically focuses on the use in so-called "In-Depth" and "On-Scene" investigation studies. With the help of the system for each accident participant one or more of five hypotheses of human cause factors are formed and then specified by appropriate verification criteria. These hypotheses in turn are further specified by indicators in such manner that the coding of the causation factors by a code system meets the needs of database processing and are accessible to a quantitative data analysis. The first results of the descriptive comparison of the two age groups concern mainly differences in the functional levels "information admission/perception" (where the elderly drivers have more difficulties than the young ones) and "information processing/evaluation" (where the younger drivers show more problems). Concerning the cognitive function of "planning" the group of younger drivers seems to be more often involved in an accident because of excessive speed.
Each year the traffic accident research teams in Dresden and Hanover provide an in-depth investigation of approximately two thousand accidents, aggregated in the GIDAS database. To accomplish a comprehensive review of each traffic accident recorded, a sensible and thorough encoding of suffered injuries is indispensable. The Abbreviated Injury Scale by AAAM offers a valuable and handy solution to achieve this goal. However, there were a few difficulties in the use of the AIS that came up in the past, which let to necessary improvements for the utilization of the AIS 2005 for GIDAS.
Analysis of the accident scenario of powered two-wheelers on the basis of real-world accidents
(2013)
For the first time since 20 years the German national statistics of traffic accidents revealed an increasing number of fatalities and seriously injured persons in 2011. This negative development was especially caused by increasing numbers in all groups of vulnerable road users (VRU). Furthermore, the comparison of fatality reduction rates between several categories of road users shows that persons on motorcycles show the worst performance over years. Although every second fatality in German traffic accidents is still a car occupant, users of PTW make up more than 20% in the meantime. Assuming further improvements in the field of occupant protection this trend will continue. For that reason, a study on the basis of real-world accidents was conducted to describe the accident scenario involving motorcycles and to identify the reasons of the above-described fact. Approximately 1.800 motorcycle accidents out of GIDAS database were used for the analyses. The first part of the study deals with the question how representative the GIDAS database is for the German motorcycle accident scenario. Afterwards, detailed descriptive statistics on motorcycle accidents were presented considering numerous parameters about the accident scene, environmental influences, vehicle information, individual characteristics, interview data, injury severity and injury causation. One important point is the identification of the most frequent critical situations that are typical for motorcycle accidents. Furthermore, a special focus was on accident causation. Finally, conspicuous facts out of the analysis are emphasized. All in all, the study gives a comprehensive overview about the German motorcycle accident scenario. One the one hand, the use of weighted GIDAS data allows representative and robust statements on the basis of large case numbers; on the other hand highly detailed conclusions can be drawn. The results of the study help to understand the particularities of motorcycle accidents and provide approaches for further improvements in the field of PTW safety.
The National Highways Development Project in India is aimed at upgrading over 12,000 km of national highways from 2-lane undivided roads to 4-lane divided roads. With nearly 40% of fatal crashes being reported on national highways, the effect of this project on road safety needs to be assessed. Researchers carried out on-site crash investigations and in-depth crash data collection for a period of 45 to 60 days on four 2-lane undivided highways and a 4-lane divided highway. Based on 76 crashes examined, researchers found a shift of crash pattern from head-on collisions on undivided 2- lane highways to front-rear collisions on divided 4-lane highways. This paper presents the methodology, analysis of crashes examined, and the critical safety problems identified for greater consideration in future highway development projects. This paper also highlights the need and significance of in-depth crash investigations to understand local traffic conditions and problems in India.
Accidents with vulnerable road users require special attention within the road safety work because these accidents are often accompanied with severe injuries. Thus In 2006 at least 6200 Powered Two Wheeler (PTW) riders were killed in road crashes in the EU 25 representing 16% of the total number of road deaths while accounting for only 2% of the total kilometers driven. For the prevention of accidents with VRU above all the knowledge of the causes of the accidents is of special importance. This study is based on the methodology of the German In-Depth Accident Study GIDAS. Within GIDAS extensive data on various fields of accidentology are collected on-scene from road traffic accidents with injuries in the Hannover and Dresden area. Using a well defined sample plan the collected data is highly representative to the whole German situation (Brühning et al, Otte et al). The need of in-depth accident causation data in accident research led to the development of a special tool for the collection of such data called ACASS (Accident Causation Analysis with Seven Steps), which was implemented in the GIDAS methodology in 2008 and described by Otte in 2009.
The overall purpose of the ASSESS project is to develop a relevant and standardised set of test and assessment methods and associated tools for integrated vehicle safety systems, primarily focussing on currently available pre-crash sensing systems. The first stage of the project was to define casualty relevant accident scenarios so that the test scenarios will be developed based on accident scenarios which currently result in the greatest injury outcome, measured by a combination of casualty severity and casualty frequency. The first analysis stage was completed using data from a range of accident databases, including those which were nationally representative (STATS19, UK and STRADA, SE) and in-depth sources which provided more detailed parameters to characterise the accident scenarios (GIDAS, DE and OTS, UK). A common analysis method was developed in order to compare the data from these different sources, and while the data sets were not completely compatible, the majority of the data was aligned in such a way that allowed a useful comparison to be made. As the ASSESS project focuses on pre-crash sensing systems fitted to passenger cars, the data selected for the analysis was "injury accidents which involved at least one passenger car". The accident data analysis yielded the following ranked list of most relevant accident scenarios: Rank Accident scenario 1 Driving accident - single vehicle loss of control 2 Accidents in longitudinal traffic (same and opposite directions) 3 Accidents with turning vehicle(s) or crossing paths in junctions 4 Accidents involving pedestrians The ranked list highlights the relatively large role played by "accidents in longitudinal traffic", and "accidents with turning vehicle(s) or crossing paths in junctions" (the second and third most prevalent accident scenarios, respectively). The pre-crash systems addressed in ASSESS propose to yield beneficial safety outcomes with specific regard to these accident scenarios. This indicates that the ASSESS project is highly relevant to the current casualty crash problem. In the second stage of the analysis a selection of these accident scenarios were analysed further to define the accident parameters at a more detailed level .This paper describes the analysis approach and results from the first analysis stage.
Die Zielsetzung der Arbeit bestand darin, Erkenntnisse über das "Dunkelfeld" beziehungsweise die "Unfalldunkelziffer" der amtlichen Straßenverkehrsunfallstatistik in Deutschland zu gewinnen. Dazu wurde eine Datenerhebung in einem begrenzten Gebiet durchgeführt. Die Untersuchung sollte Hinweise ermöglichen über die Größe der Unfalldunkelziffer in Abhängigkeit von bestimmten Unfallmerkmalen sowie über die Struktur des Dunkelfeldes im Vergleich zur amtlichen Statistik. Als unterer Grenzwert für die Unfalldunkelziffer in der Pilotstudie wird ein Wert von 44 % angesehen. Die Untersuchung zeigt eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der Dunkelziffer von der Unfallschwere. Die Dunkelziffer liegt geringer bei Unfällen mit "ungeschützten" Unfallobjekten (Unfälle mit Fußgängern und Zweiradfahrern). Der Erfassungsgrad für Nachtunfälle ist größer als für Tagunfälle. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen insgesamt, dass die Struktur der amtlichen Statistik deutlich von der Struktur des Dunkelfeldes abweicht. Es wird die begründete Annahme ausgesprochen, dass die amtliche Verkehrsunfallstatistik unvollständig ist, wobei der Erfassungsgrad nicht einheitlich ist, sondern von verschiedenen Merkmalen (Unfallschwere, Unfallart, etc.) abhängt.
Car occupants have a high level of mortality in road accidents, since passenger cars are the prevalent mode of transport. In 2013, car occupant fatalities accounted for 45% of all road accident fatalities in the EU. The objective of this research is the analysis of basic road safety parameters related to car occupants in the European countries over a period of 10 years (2004-2013), through the exploitation of the EU CARE database with disaggregate data on road accidents. Data from the EU Injury Database for the period 2005 - 2008 are used to identify injury patterns, and additional insight into accident causation for car occupants is offered through the use of in-depth accident data from the EC SafetyNet project Accident Causation System (SNACS). The results of the analysis allow for a better understanding of the car occupants' safety situation in Europe, thus providing useful support to decision makers working for the improvement of road safety level in Europe.
Gefragt ist nach alterstypischen Verkehrsverstößen, die bei Senioren auf eine zunehmende Verkehrsunsicherheit hinweisen. Die Studie basiert auf Stichprobendaten des Verkehrszentralregisters (VZR) von 350.000 Personen zwischen 35 und 84 Jahren, deren Verkehrsauffälligkeit im Anschluss an eine VZR-Eintragung über zwei Jahre beobachtet wurde. Tatsächlich lässt sich ein alterstypisches Fehlverhalten identifizieren: überwiegend Vorfahrtfehler sowie Fahrmanöver mit hohem Unfallanteil. Zwei gegenläufige Effekte halten sich etwa die Waage: Zum einen weisen Personen mit einem alterstypischen Fehlverhalten in den nachfolgenden Jahren im Vergleich zu Personen mit anderen Delikten erheblich weniger Verkehrsverstöße auf, zum anderen zeigen sie einen bedeutend höheren Unfallanteil an den (reduzierten) VZR-Eintragungen. Beide Effekte werden mit dem Alter prägnanter. Entsprechend dem "Risiko-Homöostase-Modell" versuchen Verkehrsteilnehmer, beide Komponenten im Gleichgewicht zu halten, was mit zunehmendem Alter aber nicht mehr allen gelingt. Diese Ergebnisse wie auch Zahlen der amtlichen Statistik zeigen gegenwärtig aber (noch) kein mit dem Alter bedrohlich steigendes Verkehrsrisiko an. Die vorhandenen Mechanismen " neben der Selbstbeschränkung der Fahrleistung auch die Entziehung der Fahrerlaubnis sowie der Verzicht " scheinen für die weitaus meisten Kraftfahrer auszureichen, ihr steigendes Risiko wegen höherer Fahrunsicherheit im Alter auszugleichen. Auf die Übrigen könnte aufgrund einer VZR-Eintragung mit einem alterstypischen Fehlverhalten durch Verwarnung und Aufklärung, und wenn dies nachweislich einer erneuten Verkehrsauffälligkeit nicht ausreicht, durch weitere Maßnahmen gezielt Einfluss genommen werden. Dies wäre ab einem Alter von 75 Jahren zu erwägen, doch schon ab 70 Jahren zu rechtfertigen. Eine Verwarnung würde ab 70 Jahren gegenwärtig maximal 30.000 Personen pro Jahr betreffen. Mit einer Wiederauffälligkeit innerhalb von zwei Jahren wäre im heutigen System " also ohne Verwarnung " in maximal 2.800 Fällen zu rechnen.
Um die zukünftige Entwicklung von Fahrzeugen mit alternativem Antrieb, z.B. Hybrid-, Elektro- und Brennstoffzellenfahrzeuge, in Deutschland verfolgen und analysieren zu können, hatte die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) im Jahr 2010 die Einrichtung einer langfristigen Beobachtung des Fahrzeugmarktes und einer konzentrierten Beobachtung des Unfallgeschehens initiiert, mit den Zielen, die tatsächliche Umsetzung des technologischen Fortschritts in marktgängige Produkte zu verfolgen, frühzeitig genaue Kenntnis über die sich der technologischen Entwicklung anschließenden tatsächlichen Marktentwicklung zu gewinnen, und mögliche Fehlentwicklungen - insbesondere mit Blick auf die Verkehrssicherheit zeitnah zu identifizieren. Auf Basis der bisherigen Marktentwicklung ist die Analyse des Unfallgeschehens naturgemäß noch wenig aussagekräftig. Die deutliche Zunahme der Unfallbeteiligung von Hybridfahrzeugen um 95% von 2007 bis 2010 wird durch einen Bestandsanstieg von 117% in diesem Zeitraum relativiert und deutet daher eher auf ein unterdurchschnittliches Risiko, wobei keine Informationen über die durchschnittliche Fahrleistung in die Interpretationen einbezogen werden können. Der relativ hohe Anteil von Innerortsunfällen ist vor allem vor dem Hintergrund der Nutzung der Fahrzeuge zu interpretieren.